Research focus
Hybrid modelling of economy-energy-environment (3E) interactions: the IMACLIM project
Efficiency and equity of environmental fiscal reforms
Economy of international climate negotiations
Specification of alternative economic theories in energy/economy models.
Specification of macro-financial flows in energy/economy models.
Distributive impacts of the French National Low-Carbon Strategy.
Transfer of the IMACLIM modelling tool to academic partners of the IMACLIM Network.
September 2019: Accreditation to supervise PhD research, Université Paris-Nanterre. Référent : M. Lionel Ragot. Producing economy–wide outlooks of energy transitions: hybrid modelling open to second best constraints
May 2011 – Jan. 2014: Visiting scholar, Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées de l’Ecole des Mines, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
Jan. 2010 – Apr. 2011: Visiting scholar, FEEM, Venice, Italy.
Aug. 2008: Assigned to CIRED.
October 2004: CNRS tenure.
October 2003: Laureate of CNRS 37-7 competition. Assigned to PREG-X, Ecole Polytechnique.
1999-2003: PhD in economics at Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) under supervision of Jean-Charles Hourcade. Thesis : Changement technique et double dividende d’écotaxes : un essai sur la confluence des prospectives énergétique et macro-économique, defended on April 1st, 2003, cum laudae.
1999-2000: French National Service Volunteer at Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
1997-1998: Master of Science, PhD programme Analyse et Politique Économiques, EHESS. Dissertation under the supervision of Jean-Charles Hourcade: Modèle IMACLIM : une évaluation macroéconomique du domaine de validité de l’hypothèse d’un double dividende.
Peer-reviewed papers and book chapters
Ravigné, E., Ghersi, F., Nadaud, F. (2022). From Factor 4 mitigation to Zero Net Emissions: Is a Fair transition possible? Evidence from the French Low-Carbon Strategy. Ecological Economics 196 (2022) 107397.
Su, X., Ghersi, F., Teng, F., Meicong, L. (2022). The economic impact of a deep decarbonisation pathway for China: a hybrid model analysis through bottom-up and top-down linking. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 27, 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-021-09979-w.
Soummane, S., Ghersi, F. (2022). Projecting Saudi sectoral electricity demand in 2030 using a computable general equilibrium model. Energy Strategy Reviews 39, 100787.
Hourcade, J.-C., Dasgupta, D., Ghersi, F. (2021). Accelerating the speed and scale of climate finance in the post pandemic context. Climate Policy, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1977599. Supplementary material accessible here.
Soummane, S., Ghersi, F., Lecocq, F. (2022). Structural transformation of the Saudi economy under global climate action. The Energy Journal 43 (3), 181-200.
Wills, W., Ferrazzo Naspolini, G., Ghersi, F., Grottera, C., Lèbre La Rovere, E., Lefèvre, J., Le Treut, G. (2021). Economic and social effectiveness of carbon pricing schemes to meet Brazilian NDC targets. Climate Policy, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1981212.
Gupta, D., Ghersi, F., Vishwanathan, S. S., Garg, A. (2020). Macroeconomic assessment of India’s development and mitigation pathways. Climate Policy 20 (7), 779-799.
Gupta, D., Ghersi, F., Vishwanathan, S. S., Garg, A. (2019). Achieving sustainable development in India along low carbon pathways : Macroeconomic assessment. World Development 123, 104623.
Soummane, S., Ghersi, F., Lefèvre, J. (2019). Macroeconomic pathways of the Saudi economy : The challenge of global mitigation action versus the opportunity of national energy reforms. Energy Policy 130, 263–282.
De Lauretis, S., Ghersi, F., Cayla, J.-M. (2017). Energy consumption and activity patterns : an analysis extended to total time and energy use for French households. Applied Energy 206, 634-648.
Ghersi, F. (2015). Hybrid Bottom-up/Top-down Energy and Economy Outlooks : A Review of IMACLIM-S Experiments. Frontiers in Environmental Science 3 (74), 1-18.
Ghersi, F. (2014). Low-carbon policy making vs. low-carbon policy modelling : State-of-the-art and challenges. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 19 (5), 345-360.
Ghersi, F., McDonnell, S., Sassi, O. (2013). Do overarching mitigation objectives dominate transport-specific targets in the EU? Energy Policy 55 (3), 3-15.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi F., Combet, E., Thery D. (2010). Carbon Tax and Equity : The Importance of Policy Design. In Dias Soares, C., Milne, J., Ashiabor, H., Deketelaere, K., Kreiser, L. (ed.), Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 277-295.
Combet, E., Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C., Thubin, C. (2010). La fiscalité carbone au risque des enjeux d’équité. Revue Française d’Économie XXV (2), 59-91.
Ghersi, F. (2009). IMACLIM-S : Impact Assessment of Climate Policies. In Gerlagh, R., Bosetti, V., Schleicher, S. (ed.), Modeling Sustainable Development, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 161-171.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi, F. (2009). Interpreting Environmental Policy Cost Measures. In Gerlagh, R., Bosetti, V., Schleicher, S. (ed.), Modeling Sustainable Development, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 62-83.
Hélioui, K., Sellier, J.-L., Ghersi, F. (2008). Instabilité et Options d’Encadrement du Marché du CO2. Revue d’Économie Industrielle 124, 71-99.
Ghersi, F., McDonnell, S. (2007). The Impacts of Long-term CO2 Objectives on Short-term Transportation Trends in the European Union. Energy for Sustainable Development 11 (3), 38-48.
Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C. (2006). Macroeconomic Consistency Issues in E3 Modeling : The Continued Fable of the Elephant and the Rabbit. The Energy Journal, special issue Hybrid Modeling of Energy Environment Policies : reconciling Bottom-up and Top-down, 39-62.
Hourcade, J.-C., Jaccard, M., Bataille, C., Ghersi, F. (2006). Hybrid Modeling : New Answers to Old Challenges. The Energy Journal, special issue Hybrid Modeling of Energy-Environment Policies: reconciling Bottom-up and Top-down, 1-12.
Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C., Criqui, P. (2003). Viable Responses to the Equity-Responsibility Dilemma : A Consequentialist View. Climate Policy 3 (1), 115-133.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi, F. (2002). The Economics of a Lost Deal : Kyoto – The Hague – Marrakesh. The Energy Journal 23 (3), 1-26.
Ghersi, F., Hourcade J.-C., Quirion P. (2001). Marché International du Carbone et Double Dividende : Antinomie ou Synergie ? Revue Française d’Économie 16 (2), 149-177.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi F. (2000). Le Rôle du Changement Technique dans le Double Dividende d’écotaxes. Économie et Prévision 143-144, 47-68.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi F. (1998). De Kyoto à Buenos Aires : l’émergence d’un nouveau contexte pour la compétition industrielle. Revue d’Économie Industrielle 83, 27-45.
Hourcade, J.-C., Ghersi F. (1997). Les enjeux des QELROS : entre logique économique et logique de négociation. Revue de l’Énergie 491 : 593-605.
Other publications
Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C., Lefèvre, J., Tankov, P., Voisin, S. (2021). Integrated economy-climate models and their uses for decision-making. Opinions et Débats 23, Institut Louis Bachelier, Paris, p. 50-78.
Ghersi, F. (2020). IMACLIM 3-ME. CIRED Document de travail 82-2020, CIRED, Paris, France. 18 p.
Soummane S., Ghersi F. (2020). The IMACLIM-SAU model Version 1.0. CIRED Document de travail 77-2020, CIRED, Paris, France. 31 p.
Soummane, S., Ghersi, F. (2018). Hybrid Input-Output tables for Saudi Arabia at year 2013. Mendeley Data, v2.
Gupta, D., Ghersi, F., Garg, A. (2018). Hybrid Input-Output tables for India at year 2012. Mendeley Data, v2.
Le Treut, G., Ghersi, F. (2018). Hybrid Input-Output tables for France at year 2010. Mendeley Data, v2.
Ghersi, F., Gupta, D., Garg, A. (2018). The IMACLIM-IND model version 1.0. CIRED Document de travail 71-2018, CIRED, Paris, France. 32 pp.
Ghersi, F. (2016). Projet RISKERGY, Final report. CIRED, Paris, France. 84 p.
Schers, J., Ghersi, F., Lecocq, F. (2015). Green Growth and its Implications for Public Policy–The case of South Africa. Études de l’AFD #4, AFD, Paris, France. 153 p.
Boitier, B., Callonec, G., Douillard, P., Épaulard, A., Ghersi, F., Masson, E., Mathy, S. (2015). La transition énergétique vue par les modèles macroéconomiques. Document de travail n° 2015-05, France Stratégie, Paris, France. 36 p.
Ghersi, F. (2015). Macroeconomic modeling of electric cars penetration in EU 28. Scenario results. CIRED Document de travail 58-2015, CIRED, Paris, France. 32 p.
Ghersi, F. (2014). The IMACLIM-P model version 3.4. CIRED Document de travail 57-2014, CIRED, Paris, France. 42 p.
Ghersi, F., Ricci, O. (2014). A macro-micro outlook on fuel poverty in 2035 France. CIRED Document de travail 56-2015, CIRED, Paris, France. 28 p.
Ghersi, F. (2014). Macroeconomic modeling of electrified mobility systems in 2030 European Union. CIRED Document de travail 55-2014, CIRED, Paris, France. 32 p.
Ghersi, F. (2014). Gestion des précarités actuelles et prévention des précarités futures, un jeu à plusieurs variables de commande. In Ha-Duong, M. Finon, D. (éd.), Maîtriser la demande d’énergie, une option consensuelle face à ses obstacles, actes électroniques de la troisième journée de dialogue CNRS sur la transition énergétique en France, CIRED, Paris, France, 155-175.
Ghersi, F. (2013). Rapport de la Session Énergie, emploi et modes de croissance. In Ha-Duong, M., Finon, D. (éd.), Transition énergétique, projets de société et tensions du présent, actes électroniques de la première journée de dialogue CNRS sur la transition énergétique en France, 196-198.
Bosetti, V., Ghersi, F. (2012). Beyond GDP : Modelling labour supply as a ‘free time’ trade-off in a multiregional optimal growth model. FEEM Nota di Lavoro 2012.044, 29 p.
Combet, E., Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C., Thubin, C. (2010). Économie d’une fiscalité carbone en France. Rapport pour la CFDT, CIRED, 141 p.
Combet, E., Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C., Thubin, C. (2010). Économie d’une fiscalité carbone en France. Éléments d’un débat toujours nécessaire. La Revue de la CFDT (101), 36-40.
Ghersi, F., Hourcade, J.-C. (2004). Entre pire des cas et illusoire gratuité : quelques ordres de grandeur. In Le Treut, H., van Ypersele, J.-P., Hallegatte, S., Hourcade, J.-C. (éd.), Science du Changement Climatique, Acquis et Controverses, IDDRI, Paris, 100-101.
Ghersi, F. (2005). Le Protocole de Kyoto est-il la bonne arme pour lutter contre le réchauffement ? La Croix, 15 février 2005. 379 mots.
Hélioui, K., Ghersi, F. (2002). International carbon prices and financial flows : Analysis and sensitivity studies. In Grubb, M., Hourcade, J.-C., Oberthür, S. (éd.), Keeping Kyoto – A study of approaches to maintaining the Kyoto protocol on climate change. Climate Strategies, 2002, 16 p.
Communications
Benchmark energy-economy data and price-quantity decomposition. Impact on energy policy assessment. Colloque Facts in Environmental & Energy Economics, Models & Practices, Past & Present, CIRED, Paris, 20 octobre 2018.
Models to support discussion on the climate/development nexus. The IMACLIM experience. SBSTA du GIEC, Bonn, 30 avril 2018.
The Macroeconomics of Energy Transitions. Energy Foundation China, Pékin, 27 mars 2018.
A macro-micro outlook on fuel poverty in 2035 France. Association Française de Sciences Économiques, Nice, 21 juin 2017.
The KLEM model and its linkage to TIAM, International Energy Workshop (IEW), Cork, 3 juin 2016.
Contenu emploi des prospectives énergétiques. Portée et limites des méthodes, Chaire European Electricity Markets, Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris, 26 octobre 2015 (conférencier invité).
Précarité énergétique future. Un jeu à plusieurs variables de commande, Séminaire EDDEN-PACTE, Grenoble, 5 mars 2015.
A TIMES PAN-EU/IMACLIM linkage (applied to EU28 electric vehicle penetration), 66th semi-annual ETSAP meeting, Copenhague, Danemark, 19 novembre 2014.
Gestion des précarités. Un jeu à plusieurs variables de commande, 3ème journée autour du Débat National sur la Transition Énergétique, CNRS, Paris, 20 mars 2014.
Modèles économiques et politiques climatiques. Etat de l’art et perspectives, Centre Cournot, Paris, 17 mars 2014.
Paradigm shift modelling and innovative approaches : A French case study, European Commission, Bruxelles, 15 octobre 2012.
Précarité énergétique France 2035 : 8 scénarios prospectifs, EDF, Paris, 20 septembre 2012.
Beyond GDP : modelling labour supply as a “free time” trade-off in a multiregional Ramsey model, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics (EAERE), Prague, 29 juin 2012.
Précarité énergétique : une modélisation prospective, EDF, Paris, 24 janvier
2012.
Carbon Tax and Equity : The Importance of Policy Design. International Energy Workshop (IEW), Stockholm, June 20, 2010.
Do Overarching Mitigation Objectives Dominate Transport & Specific Targets in the EU ? European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics (EAERE), Amsterdam, June 26, 2009. Avec S. McDonnel.
The interplay between endogenous technical change and the labour market in climate policy assessment. International Association of Energy Economists, Florence, 10-13 juin 2007.
Macroeconomic consistency issues in E3 modeling : The continued fable of the elephant and the rabbit. World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists. Kyoto, 5-7 juillet 2006.
A contribution to the Necessary Dialogue between Bottom-up and Top-down Analysis. International Association of Energy Economics, Zürich, 1-3 septembre 2004. Actes du colloque, CD-ROM : 23 pp.
The Economics of a Lost Deal : Kyoto – The Hague – Marrakesh. European Economic Association, Venise, 22 août 2002. Actes du congrès, CD-ROM : 30 p.
IMACLIM-POLES : A Tentative Bridge across the Bottom-up/Top-down Gap in Climate Policy Modeling. Policy Modeling, EcoMod. Bruxelles, 6 juillet 2002. Actes du colloque, CD-ROM : 23 p.
Encouraging Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Policies for Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Pollution Control in Asian-Pacific Countries, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 1er décembre 2000. Avec R. Kopp, B. Pizer et R. Morgenstern.
Modeling Challenges in Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Trading. Communication à la conférence Understanding the Design and Performance of Emissions Trading Systems for Greenhouse Gas Emissions organisée par Resources for the Future. Washington, 15 janvier 1999. En collaboration avec M. Toman.
Premiers exercices KLEM-DZA. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Algiers, October 19th, 2022.
2-slide thoughts on stress test scenarios. OECD, Paris, July 6th, 2022. OECD workshop on Climate Transition Scenarios: Integrating models into risk assessment under uncertainty and the cost of delayed action, Session 1 (panellist).
Latest experiments with the KLEM model on the French energy transition, IMACLIM Network 2022 Workshop, Paris, September 12th, 2022.
Capital dynamics in energy transition models. International Modelling Platform seminar, online, May 18th 2022. In the framework of the IMAGINE European contract.
Integrated economy-climate models and their uses for decision-making. Conférence Green Finance Research Advances, Banque de France, 8 décembre 2021. With Peter Tankov, CREST. Presentation recording available at https://green-finance-research-advances-2021.org/
Assessing transition risks. The IMACLIM perspective. Conférence Green Finance Research Advances, Banque de France, 8 décembre 2021. With Quentin Couix, CIRED. Presentation recording available at https://green-finance-research-advances-2021.org/
From Factor-Four mitigation to Zero-Net Emissions: Is a fair transition possible? Evidence from the French Low-Carbon Strategy. AFSE/DG Trésor Conference Évaluation des Politiques Publiques, online, December 10, 2020.
Models to support discussion on the climate/development nexus. The IMACLIM experience. EU-Russia modelling workshop for decarbonisation scenarios, online, April 6, 2020.
Coûts d’abattement des émissions. Notions et choix de modélisation dans IMACLIM. Séminaire de la Chaire Modélisation Prospective au service du Développement Durable, Paris, March 5, 2020.
Modèles d’appui à l’exploration des interactions climat/développement. L’expérience IMACLIM. Atelier sur la modélisation macroéconomie/énergie, ministère de l’Énergie, Alger, 13 février 2020.
Hybridation des données de calibrage des modèles de prospective énergie-économie. Agence Nationale de Maîtrise de l’Energie, Hammamet, 15 janvier 2020.
Benchmark energy-economy data and price-quantity decomposition. Impact on energy policy assessment. Facts in Environmental & Energy Economics, Models & Practices, Past & Present, CIRED, Paris, October 20, 2018.
Models to support discussion on the climate/development nexus. The IMACLIM experience. SBSTA of the IPCC, Bonn, April 30, 2018.
The Macroeconomics of Energy Transitions. Energy Foundation China, Beiking, March 27, 2018.
A macro-micro outlook on fuel poverty in 2035 France. Association Française de Sciences Économiques, Nice, June 21, 2017.
The KLEM model and its linkage to TIAM. International Energy Workshop (IEW), Cork, June 3, 2016.
Modèles IMACLIM. Une prospective énergie/économie hybride. Séminaire Économie et Environnement, CGDD, ministère de l’Environnement, La Défense, May 19, 2016.
Contenu emploi des prospectives énergétiques. Portée et limites des méthodes. Chair European Electricity Markets, Paris-Dauphine University, Paris, October 26, 2015.
Précarité énergétique future. Un jeu à plusieurs variables de commande. EDDEN-PACTE Seminar, Grenoble, March 5, 2015.
A TIMES PAN-EU/IMACLIM linkage (applied to EU28 electric vehicle penetration). 66th semi-annual ETSAP meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark, November 19, 2014.
Gestion des précarités. Un jeu à plusieurs variables de commande. 3e journée autour du Débat National sur la Transition Énergétique, CNRS, Paris, March 20, 2014. Workshop minutes: pages 155 to 174.
Modèles économiques et politiques climatiques. État de l’art et perspectives. Centre Cournot, Paris, March 17, 2014.
Paradigm shift modelling and innovative approaches: A French case study. European Commission, Bruxelles, October 15, 2012.
Précarité énergétique France 2035 : 8 scénarios prospectifs. EDF, Paris, September 20, 2012.
Beyond GDP: modelling labour supply as a ‘free time’ trade-off in a multiregional Ramsey model. European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics (EAERE), Prague, June 29, 2012.
Modelling labour supply as a ‘free time’ trade-off in a multiregional Ramsey model. FEEM Seminar, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, January 26, 2012.
Précarité énergétique : une modélisation prospective. EDF, Paris, January 24, 2012.
Models and the Impact Assessment of the EU Roadmap 2050. Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Bruxelles, December 14, 2011.
The policy path to low carbon societies: A survey. International Research Network for Low-Carbon Societies, Berlin, September 21, 2010.
Carbon Tax and Equity: The Importance of Policy Design. International Energy Workshop (IEW), Stockholm, June 21, 2010.
Do overarching mitigation objectives dominate transport−specific targets in the EU? European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics (EAERE), Amsterdam, June 26, 2009.
The interplay between endogenous technical change and the labour market in climate policy assessment. International Association of Energy Economics (IAEE), Florence, June 12, 2007.
Macroeconomic consistency issues in E3 modelling: The continued fable of the elephant and the rabbit. World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists (WCERE), Kyoto, July 5, 2006.
A contribution to the Necessary Dialogue between Bottom-up and Top-down Analysis. International Association of Energy Economics (IAEE), Zürich, September 2, 2004.
IMACLIM-POLES: A Tentative Bridge across the Bottom-up/Top-down Gap in Climate Policy Modelling. Policy Modelling Workshop, EcoMod Netwok, Bruxelles, July 6, 2002. 23 p. Published in Bayar, A., Dramais O. (éd.) EcoMod2002 International Conference on Policy Modelling.
The Economics of a Lost Deal: Kyoto – The Hague – Marrakesh. European Economic Association, Venice, August 22, 2002.
Encouraging Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Policies for Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Pollution Control in Asian-Pacific Countries. Academia Sinica, Taipei, December 1st, 2000. 19 p. In collaboration with R. Kopp, B. Pizer et R. Morgenstern.
Modelling Challenges in Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Trading. Understanding the Design and Performance of Emissions Trading Systems for Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Resources for the Future, Washington, January 15, 1999. 17 p. In collaboration with M. Toman.
2022-2024 – Development and implementation of an energy/economy modelling capacity applied to Senegal. Coordination of a research project funded by the Agence Française de Développement on the development and transfer of an IMACLIM energy-economy modelling capacity to the Senegalese think-tank ENDA-Energie.
2021-2023 – Development and implementation of an energy/economy modelling capacity applied to Algeria. Coordination of a research project funded by the Agence Française de Développement on the development and transfer of an IMACLIM energy-economy modelling capacity to the Algerian ministry of Energy.
2021-2023 – Development and implementation of an energy/economy modelling capacity applied to Nigeria. Coordination of a research project funded by the Agence Française de Développement on the development and transfer of an IMACLIM energy-economy modelling capacity to the AE-FUNAI.
2021-2023 – IMAGINE. Contribution to a research project funded by the EuropeAid agency aiming at capacity building in the field of deep decarbonisation modelling of 7 academic partners in emerging economies.
2020-2022 – SECRAET. Contribution to a research project funded by the French ADEME on assessing the financial risk of low-carbon investments and developing tools to reduce it.
2018 – Distributional impacts of the energy transition in France. Responsability of an ADEME market concerning the assessment of the distributional impacts of the package of measures envisaged under the second French National Low-Carbon Strategy.
2013-2016 – RISKERGY. Contribution to a research project co-financed by the Ile-de-France region and BPI France on the constitution of a methodology for rating sovereign risks taking into account energy constraints.
2011-2012 – EV-STEP. Contribution to a European ERANET programme on the energy and economic consequences of the penetration of electric vehicles in Europe.
2011-2012 – GT précarité énergétique. Participation to an EDF R&D Working Group (ICAME).
2009-2012 – PASHMINA. Contribution to a European programme for modelling growth paradigm shifts.
2005-2007 – TRANSUST.SCAN Scanning Policy Scenarios for the Transition to Sustainable Economic Structures. Contribution to a European programme for the development of sustainable development modelling.
2004-2007 – Carbon-constrained scenarios. Contribution to a study financed by the association Entreprises pour l’Environnement (EPE).
2004-2006 – Hybrid Energy Modeling. International working group brought together by CIRED and EMRG (Simon Fraser University, Vancouver) for the publication of a special issue of the Energy Journal dedicated to hybrid bottom-up/top-down modelling.
2003-2006 – ENEC 2050 – Confluence of Energy and Macroeconomic Perspectives in the Perspective of Sustainable Development. Action Concertée Incitative Energie 2003, CNRS – Ministry of Research.
2003-2005 – TRANSUST – Modelling the Transition to Sustainable Economic Structures. Contribution to a European programme for the development of sustainable development modelling.
2003-2005 – EMAD Database – Energy, Economy, Environment Database for Modelling and Decision Support. Action Concertée Incitative Energie 2003, CNRS – Ministry of Research.
2002-2004 – Reinforcement of long-term scenario building capacities: data control, model coupling. GICC Programme, French Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, APR 2001, project 32.